related: can imply connection by blood or marriage or a correspondently close connection: in separate but ~ incidents.  


cognate: applies to things that are genetically alike, have a common ancestor or source, or derive from the same root or stock: ~ words in various languages, such as pater, vater, and father.   (stock出身种族家系血统，表示来自特定人群implies a person's ancestry or line of descent，如we are both from working class stock我俩都是工人阶级出身，如her mother was of French stock她母亲是法国血统，如both of them came from peasant stock他俩都是农民的后代）


kindred: stresses family relations: an isolated community most of whose members were ~; but in more common applications is likely to stress shared interests or tastes or congeniality: felt it to be the meeting of ~ souls.    （congenial合得来be pleasant to spend time with，如looking for a congenial roommate找一位合得来的室友, 如a congenial working environment宜人的工作环境）


allied: may imply connection by marriage or voluntary association rather than by origin or blood: ~ through his wife with several prominent English families; or by remote biological relationship, but it is more likely to stress relationship based on common characters, qualities, aims, or effects: DDT and ~ insecticides.


affiliated: often close to allied, distinctively tends to stress a dependent relation like that of a child to a parent: all blood banks ~ with the Red Cross; and may connote a loose union in which the associated elements are independent: the network and its ~ stations.


related有关系的: 表示有血缘婚姻等紧密关联，cognate同源: 指基因相近，拥有共同的祖先起源，kindred亲缘、意气相投: 强调家庭关系，或表示投缘兴趣观念相同，allied结盟;同类的: 表示婚姻或自愿结合而非血缘出身，或表示具有共同的特性品质目标效果，affiliated附属: 强调依存关系如孩子对父母，或表示独立松散地结合的关系


记忆方法: 1）首字母RCKAA想成A RACK一个支架<==亲缘像支架     rack支架架子挂衣架挂物架, 通常用木条和挂钩做成

         2）练习一下  

         3）亲缘的意思是紧密的家庭联系mean connected by or as if by close family ties.首字母RCKAA想成A RACK一个支架<==亲缘像支架